Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. Historically dominated by a plantation economy, Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. government formally apologized for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which spurred the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union, on August 21, 1959. territory, Hawaii was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's decisive entry into World War II. Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized kingdom in 1810, remaining independent until American and European businessmen overthrew the monarchy in 1893 this led to annexation by the U.S. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after leading to the decimation of the once isolated Indigenous community by introducing diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, smallpox, measles, leprosy, and typhoid fever, reducing the native Hawaiian population from between 300,000 and one million to less than 40,000 by 1890. In 1778, British explorer James Cook was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago early British influence is reflected in the state flag, which bears a Union Jack. Settled by Polynesians some time between 10 CE, Hawaii was home to numerous independent chiefdoms. Consequently, it is a unique melting pot of North American and East Asian cultures, in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian heritage.
As one of only six majority-minority states, it has the country's only Asian American plurality, its largest Buddhist community, and the largest proportion of multiracial people. Hawaii is among the country's most diverse states, owing to its central location in the Pacific and over two centuries of migration. Two-thirds of the population lives on O'ahu, home to the state's capital and largest city, Honolulu. states, Hawaii is the eighth-smallest in land area and the 11th-least populous, but with 1.4 million residents ranks 13th in population density.
The uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands make up most of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the United States' largest protected area and the third largest in the world. The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, after which the state is named it is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The state's ocean coastline is consequently the fourth longest in the U.S., at about 750 miles (1,210 km). Hawaii comprises nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago, 137 volcanic islands spanning 1,500 miles (2,400 km) that are physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state geographically located within the tropics. Hawaii ( / h ə ˈ w aɪ i/ ( listen) hə- WY-ee Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the U.S.
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